Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire
The last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria from 1804. He fought revolutionary and Napoleonic France, dissolved the Empire in 1806 and married his daughter Marie Louise to Napoleon.

This complete profile is available in English. Bibliographic titles retain their original language. Links marked ES open the Spanish edition.
Key details
Birth: 12 February 1768 Documented
Death: 2 March 1835 Documented
Role: Emperor
Dynasty: Habsburg-Lorraine · ES
Territories: Holy Roman Empire (ES) · Germany (ES) · Austria (ES) · Bohemia (ES) · Hungary (ES) · Croatia (ES) · Moravia (ES) · Silesia (ES) · Inner Austria (ES) · Tyrol (ES) · Venice (ES) · Habsburg Transylvania (ES) · Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (ES) · Brabant (ES) · Limburg (ES) · Luxembourg (ES) · Flanders (ES) · Hainaut (ES) · Namur (ES) · Lordship of Mechelen (ES) · Tournai (ES) · Guelders (ES)
Recorded relationships
Their titles over time
Follow the changing territories and offices of Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire. Each title retains its own status.
Governments in 1792
- Holy Roman Empire (Germany)2 titles and offices
View titles and jurisdictions
- Germany · ESKing of the Romans · Effective rule1792–1806
- Holy Roman Empire · ESEmperor · Effective rule1792–1806
- Austrian Habsburg Monarchy10 titles and offices
View titles and jurisdictions
- Austria · ESArchduke · Effective rule1792–1835
- Bohemia · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
- Hungary · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
- Croatia · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
- Moravia · ESMargrave · Effective rule · Royal centres of Brno and Olomouc; regional authority over the margraviate, distinct from the full geography of the Bohemian title1792–1835 · Brno and Olomouc are regional urban centres; they are not equated with the monarch’s exclusive ownership of Moravia and do not erase seigneurial or episcopal jurisdictions. Olomouc begins with the privilege of 1378 and is excluded during the documented Swedish and Prussian occupations.
- Silesia · ESSovereign · Effective rule · Remainder of the Silesian duchies retained by the Habsburg monarchy from 1742; not all Silesia1792–1835 · Teschen/Bielsko and the southern parts of Opava, Krnov and Nysa/Jeseník. Vassal dukes retain their jurisdictions. Border cells approximate the Austrian sectors rather than an exact river boundary.
- Inner Austria · ESSovereign · Effective rule1792–1835 · Inner hereditary provinces reunited with the Austrian line from 1619; provincial administrations and autonomies are retained. The connection does not arise from the imperial title.
- Tyrol · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1835 · Territorial succession to Tyrol after reunification in 1665; excludes the bishoprics of Trent and Brixen.
- Habsburg Transylvania · ESSovereign · Effective rule1792–1800 · Personal tenure inferred from the Austrian hereditary succession and the treaty’s territorial boundary; an administratively separate province.
- Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1800 · Territorial title retained under the Habsburg monarchy; independent of the imperial office. The acquisition of 1772 is not projected back into earlier reigns.
Joint direction of the domains effectively governed by this ruler. Excludes the imperial framework, Ottoman Hungary and independent or tributary Transylvanian principalities. Austrian branches under another ruler retain their own grouping. Source for this grouping
- BrabantDuke
View titles and jurisdictions
- Brabant · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- LimburgDuke
View titles and jurisdictions
- Limburg · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- LuxembourgDuke
View titles and jurisdictions
- Luxembourg · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- FlandersCount
View titles and jurisdictions
- Flanders · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- HainautCount
View titles and jurisdictions
- Hainaut · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- NamurCount
View titles and jurisdictions
- Namur · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- Lordship of MechelenLord
View titles and jurisdictions
- Lordship of Mechelen · ESLord · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- TournaiLord
View titles and jurisdictions
- Tournai · ESLord · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
- GueldersDuke
View titles and jurisdictions
- Guelders · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Annual dates: overlap within one year does not prove that two offices were held on the same day. Regencies and co-rulerships retain their labels.
Sources for this profile
- Schönbrunn · Francisco Esteban y la casa Habsburgo-Lorena
- Deutsche Nationalbibliothek · GND authority record · Franz II., Heiliges Römisches Reich, Kaiser
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
Biographical and contextual references in their original language. Sources and methodology.
Evidence for this profile
26 recorded claims · 7 without a claim-specific source. Context references do not by themselves verify every fact.
Dates (2/2 with a precise source)
- BirthDocumented
12 February 1768
The authority record gives the birth as 1768-02-12. - DeathDocumented
2 March 1835
The authority record gives the death as 1835-03-02.
Family and relationships (1/2 with a precise source)
- FatherPending review
Leopold II of the Holy Roman Empire
A precise source has not yet been added. - MotherDocumented
Maria Luisa of Spain
The authority record identifies Maria Luisa of Spain (GND 104201649) as mother.
Governments (16/22 with a precise source)
- GovernmentPending review
King of the Romans · Germany · 1792–1806
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentPending review
Emperor · Holy Roman Empire · 1792–1806
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentPending review
Archduke · Austria · 1792–1835
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentPending review
King · Bohemia · 1792–1835
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentPending review
King · Hungary · 1792–1835
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentPending review
King · Croatia · 1792–1835
A precise source has not yet been added. - GovernmentInferred
Margrave · Moravia · 1792–1835
Brno and Olomouc are regional urban centres; they are not equated with the monarch’s exclusive ownership of Moravia and do not erase seigneurial or episcopal jurisdictions. Olomouc begins with the privilege of 1378 and is excluded during the documented Swedish and Prussian occupations.Instituto de Historia de la Academia Checa · Jaroslav Pánek · Biografický slovník českých zemí 16 (2013), pp. 119–122: separate hereditary acceptance by Moravia and Silesia in 1526; these do not simply follow from the Bohemian title.Schönbrunn · Die Welt der Habsburger · Francisco II/I · Succession of 1792 and Habsburg government until his death in 1835. The map’s limit of 1800 does not shorten the biographical tenure.City of Olomouc · history of the city · Jobst’s privilege in 1378; loyalty to Sigismund; election of Corvinus in 1469 and agreement of 1479; Frederick of the Palatinate in 1620; Swedish occupation, 1642–1650, and Prussian occupation, 1741–1742; royal confirmation by Maria Theresa in 1762.Olomouc Municipal Archives · original charter of Jobst · Olomouc District Archive, City Archive collection, Charters, inventory 37: Margrave Jobst’s permission of 1378 to build a town hall and merchants’ hall. - GovernmentInferred
Sovereign · Silesia · 1792–1835
Teschen/Bielsko and the southern parts of Opava, Krnov and Nysa/Jeseník. Vassal dukes retain their jurisdictions. Border cells approximate the Austrian sectors rather than an exact river boundary.Archivo/municipio de Cieszyn · investigación de los duques de Teschen · A fief of the Bohemian Crown from 1327; Habsburg sovereignty from 1526; Piast rulers until 1653. Habsburg duchy 1653–1722; Lorraine 1722–1765; Joseph II 1765–1766; Maria Christina and Albert of Saxony from 1766. Remained on the Austrian side after 1742.City of Opava · history of the city · Treaty of Breslau (Wrocław), 11 June 1742: division of Silesia between Prussia and Austria. The River Opava separates the jurisdictions; whole cells of Opava, Hlučín or Krnov are not assigned to the Austrian remnant.Schönbrunn · Die Welt der Habsburger · Francisco II/I · Succession of 1792 and Habsburg government until his death in 1835. The map’s limit of 1800 does not shorten the biographical tenure.City of Opava · history of the city · Partition of 1742: Opava, capital of Austrian Silesia. The outlines of Opava, Krnov and Jeseník/Fryvaldov approximate the southern parts that Austria retained, not the exact river frontier.German Historical Institute · Administrative Divisions, 1780 · Areas of the hereditary provinces, Hungary and the Austrian remnant of Silesia. - GovernmentDocumented
Sovereign · Inner Austria · 1792–1835
Inner hereditary provinces reunited with the Austrian line from 1619; provincial administrations and autonomies are retained. The connection does not arise from the imperial title.Schönbrunn / Die Welt der Habsburger: Tripartite division of the Austrian inheritance · The Inner Austrian line reunites Austria from 1619; Tyrol is reunited in 1665. Tenures are added as hereditary jurisdictions, independently of the imperial office.Cancillería Federal de Austria: 1713 · Indivisibility and succession of the Austrian hereditary lands; not all states of the Holy Roman Empire. - GovernmentDocumented
Count · Tyrol · 1792–1835
Territorial succession to Tyrol after reunification in 1665; excludes the bishoprics of Trent and Brixen.Schönbrunn / Die Welt der Habsburger: Tripartite division of the Austrian inheritance · The Inner Austrian line reunites Austria from 1619; Tyrol is reunited in 1665. Tenures are added as hereditary jurisdictions, independently of the imperial office.Cancillería Federal de Austria: 1713 · Indivisibility and succession of the Austrian hereditary lands; not all states of the Holy Roman Empire. - GovernmentDocumented
Sovereign · Venice · 1798–1805
Venetian province acquired at Campo Formio and placed under Austrian government in January 1798; this is not tenure as doge. Cisalpine Bergamo and Brescia are excluded.Sistema Archivistico Nazionale: Dominazione francese · End of the Republic in 1797 and establishment of Austrian government in January 1798.Schönbrunn / Die Welt der Habsburger: Franz II/I, a difficult beginning · Reign from 1792; Campo Formio in 1797 cedes Netherlandish and Lombard domains and gains Venice and Dalmatia. - GovernmentInferred
Sovereign · Habsburg Transylvania · 1792–1800
Personal tenure inferred from the Austrian hereditary succession and the treaty’s territorial boundary; an administratively separate province. - GovernmentDocumented
King · Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria · 1792–1800
Territorial title retained under the Habsburg monarchy; independent of the imperial office. The acquisition of 1772 is not projected back into earlier reigns.Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies · Galicia · Austrian annexation in 1772; a kingdom under the Habsburg monarchy. Tenure linked to the royal succession, independently of the imperial dignity.Larry Wolff · The Idea of Galicia, Stanford University Press2010 · Introduction: the kingdom’s legal name and the medieval title invoked by Maria Theresa in 1772. The claim preceding the partition is not treated as effective possession. - GovernmentDocumented
Duke · Brabant · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Duke · Limburg · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Duke · Luxembourg · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Count · Flanders · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Count · Hainaut · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Count · Namur · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Lord · Lordship of Mechelen · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Lord · Tournai · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium. - GovernmentDocumented
Duke · Guelders · 1792–1794
Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.Archives de l’État · Marie-Thérèse et les Pays-Bas · Maria Theresa’s sovereignty in 1740–1780 from Vienna; represented by Charles of Lorraine as governor-general. Her consort Francis is not made owner of her provinces.Archives de l’État en Belgique · Archives générales du Royaume · Institutional holdings: Burgundian, Spanish and Austrian periods until 1795, followed by French administration; no medieval sovereign state is called Belgium.
Biographical and contextual references (3)
Editorial history
- 2026-10-12 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
- 2026-10-08 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
- 2026-10-04 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
- 2026-10-04 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
- 2026-10-03 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
- 2026-09-30 · The duchy is limited to Dijon and Autun; each other fief now enters the map only under its dated ruler. John III of Namur and the Nevers/Rethel branch were added. The previous shape combined later counties and unrelated lands as if all belonged to the duchy from 1363.
- 2026-09-28 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
Follow this person through history
More paths from Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire
Family
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Joseph II of the Holy Roman EmpireEmperor1741 – 1790
Maria Theresa of AustriaQueen / Archduchess1717 – 1780
Frederick II of Prussia“the Great”King of Prussia · Elector of Brandenburg1712 – 1786Frederick William II of PrussiaKing1744 – 1797Frederick William III of Prussia · ESKing1770 – 1840William I of Prussia · ESKing / Emperor1797 – 1888