The Tree of Europe · Person

Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire

The last Holy Roman Emperor and the first Emperor of Austria from 1804. He fought revolutionary and Napoleonic France, dissolved the Empire in 1806 and married his daughter Marie Louise to Napoleon.

1768 – 1835EmperorHabsburg-Lorraine · ES
Portrait of Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire
Historical portraitFrancis I of Austria in imperial robesFriedrich von Amerling · 1832Kunsthistorisches Museum, ViennaPublic domain · PD-Art / PDM 1.0 · Source

This complete profile is available in English. Bibliographic titles retain their original language. Links marked ES open the Spanish edition.

Historical profile

Key details

Birth: 12 February 1768 Documented

Death: 2 March 1835 Documented

Role: Emperor

Dynasty: Habsburg-Lorraine · ES

Territories: Holy Roman Empire (ES) · Germany (ES) · Austria (ES) · Bohemia (ES) · Hungary (ES) · Croatia (ES) · Moravia (ES) · Silesia (ES) · Inner Austria (ES) · Tyrol (ES) · Venice (ES) · Habsburg Transylvania (ES) · Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (ES) · Brabant (ES) · Limburg (ES) · Luxembourg (ES) · Flanders (ES) · Hainaut (ES) · Namur (ES) · Lordship of Mechelen (ES) · Tournai (ES) · Guelders (ES)

Recorded governments and reigns
King of the Romans · Germany · Reign Pending review1792–1806Effective rule
Emperor · Holy Roman Empire · Empire Pending review1792–1806Effective rule
Archduke · Austria · Archduchy Pending review1792–1835Effective rule
King · Bohemia · Reign Pending review1792–1835Effective rule
King · Hungary · Reign Pending review1792–1835Effective rule
King · Croatia · Reign Pending review1792–1835Effective rule
Margrave · Moravia · Margraviate Inferred1792–1835Effective ruleBrno and Olomouc are regional urban centres; they are not equated with the monarch’s exclusive ownership of Moravia and do not erase seigneurial or episcopal jurisdictions. Olomouc begins with the privilege of 1378 and is excluded during the documented Swedish and Prussian occupations.
Sovereign · Silesia · Government Inferred1792–1835Effective ruleTeschen/Bielsko and the southern parts of Opava, Krnov and Nysa/Jeseník. Vassal dukes retain their jurisdictions. Border cells approximate the Austrian sectors rather than an exact river boundary.
Sovereign · Inner Austria · Government Documented1792–1835Effective ruleInner hereditary provinces reunited with the Austrian line from 1619; provincial administrations and autonomies are retained. The connection does not arise from the imperial title.
Count · Tyrol · County Documented1792–1835Effective ruleTerritorial succession to Tyrol after reunification in 1665; excludes the bishoprics of Trent and Brixen.
Sovereign · Venice · Government Documented1798–1805Effective ruleVenetian province acquired at Campo Formio and placed under Austrian government in January 1798; this is not tenure as doge. Cisalpine Bergamo and Brescia are excluded.
Sovereign · Habsburg Transylvania · Government Inferred1792–1800Effective rulePersonal tenure inferred from the Austrian hereditary succession and the treaty’s territorial boundary; an administratively separate province.
King · Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria · Reign Documented1792–1800Effective ruleTerritorial title retained under the Habsburg monarchy; independent of the imperial office. The acquisition of 1772 is not projected back into earlier reigns.
Duke · Brabant · Duchy Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Duke · Limburg · Duchy Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Duke · Luxembourg · Duchy Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Count · Flanders · County Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Count · Hainaut · County Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Count · Namur · County Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Lord · Lordship of Mechelen · Lordship Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Lord · Tournai · Lordship Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Duke · Guelders · Duchy Documented1792–1794Effective ruleAustrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
Family network

Recorded relationships

Crowns and unions

Their titles over time

Follow the changing territories and offices of Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire. Each title retains its own status.

Governments in 1792

  • Holy Roman Empire (Germany)2 titles and offices
    View titles and jurisdictions
  • Austrian Habsburg Monarchy10 titles and offices
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Austria · ESArchduke · Effective rule1792–1835
    • Bohemia · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
    • Hungary · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
    • Croatia · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1835
    • Moravia · ESMargrave · Effective rule · Royal centres of Brno and Olomouc; regional authority over the margraviate, distinct from the full geography of the Bohemian title1792–1835 · Brno and Olomouc are regional urban centres; they are not equated with the monarch’s exclusive ownership of Moravia and do not erase seigneurial or episcopal jurisdictions. Olomouc begins with the privilege of 1378 and is excluded during the documented Swedish and Prussian occupations.
    • Silesia · ESSovereign · Effective rule · Remainder of the Silesian duchies retained by the Habsburg monarchy from 1742; not all Silesia1792–1835 · Teschen/Bielsko and the southern parts of Opava, Krnov and Nysa/Jeseník. Vassal dukes retain their jurisdictions. Border cells approximate the Austrian sectors rather than an exact river boundary.
    • Inner Austria · ESSovereign · Effective rule1792–1835 · Inner hereditary provinces reunited with the Austrian line from 1619; provincial administrations and autonomies are retained. The connection does not arise from the imperial title.
    • Tyrol · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1835 · Territorial succession to Tyrol after reunification in 1665; excludes the bishoprics of Trent and Brixen.
    • Habsburg Transylvania · ESSovereign · Effective rule1792–1800 · Personal tenure inferred from the Austrian hereditary succession and the treaty’s territorial boundary; an administratively separate province.
    • Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria · ESKing · Effective rule1792–1800 · Territorial title retained under the Habsburg monarchy; independent of the imperial office. The acquisition of 1772 is not projected back into earlier reigns.

    Joint direction of the domains effectively governed by this ruler. Excludes the imperial framework, Ottoman Hungary and independent or tributary Transylvanian principalities. Austrian branches under another ruler retain their own grouping. Source for this grouping

  • BrabantDuke
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Brabant · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • LimburgDuke
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Limburg · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • LuxembourgDuke
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Luxembourg · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • FlandersCount
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Flanders · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • HainautCount
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Hainaut · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • NamurCount
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Namur · ESCount · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • Lordship of MechelenLord
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Lordship of Mechelen · ESLord · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • TournaiLord
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Tournai · ESLord · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.
  • GueldersDuke
    View titles and jurisdictions
    • Guelders · ESDuke · Effective rule1792–1794 · Austrian territorial sovereignty over the province, distinct from the imperial office. Its extent follows local losses, occupations and restorations; excludes the Republic’s provinces and Barrier garrisons.

Annual dates: overlap within one year does not prove that two offices were held on the same day. Regencies and co-rulerships retain their labels.

Documentation

Sources for this profile

Biographical and contextual references in their original language. Sources and methodology.

Evidence for this profile

26 recorded claims · 7 without a claim-specific source. Context references do not by themselves verify every fact.

Dates (2/2 with a precise source)
Family and relationships (1/2 with a precise source)
Governments (16/22 with a precise source)
Biographical and contextual references (3)
Editorial history
  • 2026-10-12 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
  • 2026-10-08 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
  • 2026-10-04 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
  • 2026-10-04 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
  • 2026-10-03 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.
  • 2026-09-30 · The duchy is limited to Dijon and Autun; each other fief now enters the map only under its dated ruler. John III of Namur and the Nevers/Rethel branch were added. The previous shape combined later counties and unrelated lands as if all belonged to the duchy from 1363.
  • 2026-09-28 · Claim registry added; existing historical data kept. Specific sourcing remains to be reviewed.

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